Financing Small Businesses

SOAP Notes Coursework

SOAP Notes Coursework Coursework on Soap Notes for New Patient: S: subjective O: objective A: assessment P: plan (S) SUBJECTIVE CC): Chief Complaint: Runny Nose John O’Shea is a 32 year-old single white male. He presents a â€Å"Persistent head ache for 5 days† and â€Å"Sore throat for the last 2 to 3 days.† He also complains of â€Å"Right facial pain† which he aan over the counter â€Å"Tylenol† which gave him some relief but the running nose persisted. History of present illness (HPI) This 32 Year old man presents with a chief complaint of a runny nose for six days with accompanying head ache and sore throat. Patient has been experiencing severe headache for over 5 days on the sides of the head, right behind the eyes. The first onset of the pain was five days ago, after the pt retired home from work with a fleet of sneezes and runny nose. Pain was relieved with painkillers (ibuprofen) for the best part of the night only for the pt to wake up with a serious purulent drainage through the nasal passages. The drainage subsided by itself after the pt had taken breakfast and plenty of water only to appear again within a matter of hours. The runny nose is aggravated by any form of dust and coldness. Pt reports slight pain above cheekbones which he uses over the counter Tylenol which offers some relief to the pain. Pt would sometimes experience mild pain behind their eyes when they strain their sight or when they try to roll their eyes sideways. Running nose is intense du ring the night and in the mornings. Pt has experienced nausea especially during the day. With nausea, pt denies vomiting. For 2 days now, pt has had a bad sore throat accompanied by fever. Pt also denies skin rashes or hives, abdominal pains, pain above cheekbones, joint pains or coughing. The mild pain above the cheekbones subsided upon use of OTC Tylenol. Allergies: Pt reports Allergic rhinitis – Headache, diarrhea, frequented urination, sneezing, runny, stuffy nose, itchiness and difficult breathing. Food allergy for meat and fish Generalized rashes, abdominal, diarrhea, skin itching, vomiting, cramps, swelling of soft tissues and the lips, and breathing complications. Denies allergies to latex and medication. The patient reports Acute Sinusitis. Current Medication Patient reports taking a dosage of 1 gram of Excedrin by mouth in duration of 5 to 6 hours up to 4 grams daily for 3 days, as it has been prescribed over the counter by a pharmacist. The patient has also been taking OTCs; pseudoephedrine nasal decongestant in form of tablets by mouth for 2 days. A total of 12 tablets had been taken so far following the pharmacist’s prescription of â€Å"a total of 2 tablets every 4 to 6 hours without exceeding a max of 8 tabs in 24 hrs. The patient had labels for both medications as noted. Pt denies any alternative or complementary treatment and Vitamins with similar specifics. The patient also reports oral tablets o Tylenol 6 tablets a day or the last 3 days. PMH / PSH Past Medical History (PMH): Pt reports history of hypothyroidism and HTN. Pt also reports history of allergic rhinitis and Acute Sinusitis Past Surgical History (PSH): Pt reports appendectomy, 1994; TA, 2005. Fam Hx (Family History) Patient reports family history of HTN (Father diagnosed with HTN at the age of 39); CAD (mother with stent at age 43); hypothyroidism (sister). Denies family history of nasal allergies, and Migraine headache. Family history therefore is non-contributory and not useful for Chief Complaint (CC). Soc Hx (Social History) Work History: The patient has worked as a coal miner for 15 yrs. currently unemployed. Pt. single, lives alone in a rented flat house, never married. Pt. reports a history of cigarette smoking 1 PPD for 15 YRS. Cessation 2009. Pt. reports a history of consuming a pack of beer over the weekends for 15 yrs. Reports 1 beer weekly since March, 2011. Pt. denies current use or history of illicit drugs. ROS (Review of Systems) CS (constitutional systems): Reports fever. Pt. denies weight loss, night sweats, lethargy/fatigue, and change in appetite, rash or itch. Eyes: Report headache and pain beneath the eyes. Pt. denies visual changes, double vision, and eye pain, floaters or blind spots (scotomas). Neuro: Pt. denies weakness, dizziness, numbness or changes in mood, sleep or memory. Ears, nose, mouth and throat (ENT): Reports runny nose, sinus pain, pain with swallowing, sore throat. Pt. denies stuffy or painful ears, toothache. Cardiovascular: Pt. denies shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, oedema, chest pains or palpitations. Respiratory: Reports cough. Pt. denies haemoptysis, exercise intolerance, wheezing, sputum or Trouble with breathing. States asthma is well-controlled. Lungs are not clear to auscultation and are not resonant to percussion. Abd: Pt denies abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, N/V, or changes in stool pattern. (O) OBJECTIVE PE (Physical examination) VS: P 85, B/P 127/82, HR 69, RR 18, height 6’5’’, Weight 182lb: pt is overweight, VS seems to be fine. General: Alert oriented x3, well nourished, well groomed, appropriate affect, in no acute distress (NAD), responds appropriately to interview and questions. HEENT (head, eyes, ears, neck and throat): Normal Skin: Dry and warm, no rashes or skin lesions, Lungs are CTA bilaterally. Cardiovascular: Femoral pulses 2+, RRR having S1, S2, no murmurs, gallops or rubs. Respiratory: Bilateral breath sounds (BBS) clear to auscultation, absence of adventitious breath noises. Abdomen: BS present x 4 quads, normoactive, soft, non-distended, non-tender. Neuro: Cranial Nerves Intact and functioning well. Neck: Supple, no lmphadenopathy, no bruits, and trace evidence of thyromegaly. Lab/Xray/Procedures Recent labs, X-ray, procedure and special test results Ex: Na+ 136, K+ 4.2, BUN 9, Cr 0.8, glucose 82 (17/7/2011); Normal screening colonoscopy (10/05/2011); Abdominal ultrasound (18/6/2011) – single 10mm gallstone. No supportive treatments. Pt advised to use hand wash regularly to avoid transmission of germs in future infections. (A) ASSESSMENT Allergic rhinitis Tearing or runny nose not accounted for sinuses or cold symptoms. Early hypothyroidism and HTN Tympanic membranes pearly grey with a sharp reflex of light. Right maxillary tenderness. Acute Sinusitis Preventive care should be observed. Pt should use hand wash and clean handkerchief all the time. Patient should avoid alcohol or any other drugs when under medication. Pt should keep a clean environment within the house. Avoid dust and other allergens. Always use prescription drugs and avoid over the counter medicines. (P) PLAN This is a plan based on all the symptomatic conditions presented by the patient. Examine nasal secretions to determine allergic or infectious infections. Repeat labs, X-ray and tests for Ex, K+, BUN, Cr Gluc Allergies: Give dosages for allergy antihistamines (Beclomethasone, cromolyn, or triamcinolone) + cough suppressants as well as oral decongestants (tablets). For antihistamines consider tabs or injection. Apply fluticasone nose spray allergy symptoms when noticed. Runny Nose: Cough suppressants + decongestants to be taken by mouth following the right prescription. Treat with Amoxicillin 500 mg per day three times and a decongestants for a whole week. Follow up if symptoms persist. Sore throat: mild antibiotics will be given to the patient. Supportive treatment to pt such as taking plenty of fluids and having a good rest should also be incorporated. Advice pt regarding preventive measures for runny nose in adults e.g. frequent hand wash to cleanse germs which may cause cold flu, avoidance of nose, eye and mouth touch. Pt is advised to avoid allergens whenever possible. Provide pt with referrals and consultation contact information incase of any issues that may arise from worsening condition and reaction on medication; this could be allergy or intolerance. In this case, signed pharmacy student name and contact information. Pt follow up will have to take place in three days to assess the progress of the prescribed medication on the condition. Narrative The patient is a 32 Year old man who presents with a chief complaint of a runny nose for six days with accompanying head ache and sore throat. Pt has been experiencing severe headache for over 5 days on the sides of the head, right behind the eyes. Based on my assessment of the patient’s condition and response to the previous modes of treatment, my advice to the pt would be to take the prescribed doses of allergy antihistamines. I will also offer a cough suppressant and tablets for oral decongestion. For the case of the antihistamines there is a choice between tabs and injection. The pt is also advised to keep off alcohol and any other drugs not prescribed for the period of treatment. Pt must also ensure clean house environment free of dust and other allergens that might aggravate his situation. Pt advised to install window screens and vacuum clean house always. Pt should avoid outdoors in the woods when its sunny or windy. I urge the pt to take plenty of fluids and rest. Avoid touching the nose, eyes and mouth as this could lead to infection with germs which cause cold flu. Alternatively you can be sure to use hand wash regularly to cleanse germs capable of causing such infections. The pt is also advised to seek medical follow up if symptoms persist. If the pt agrees to this mode of treatment, he is on a sure path to recovery.

LAW Business Associations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LAW Business Associations - Assignment Example The Act includes certain common principles related to the directors’ duties. Directors’ remuneration’ has occupied a vital position in usual discussions in recent years. This happens primarily owing to the fact that often there lays a huge difference between the remuneration of the directors and the employees. In accordance with a news report presented by Wcbn (2011), the latest trends in directors’ remuneration have been demarcated from the review made by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). It depicts that remuneration levels usually depend upon the industry within which the company is operating and the company size1. In accordance with a report presented by KPMG UK, it is ascertained that the scenario related to directors’ remuneration in the year 2013 has gone through certain decisive changes. The report states that in the modern day scenario for designing the salary structure, a shift of focus from the market median to the linkage between pay along wi th performance has been made. The latest trends in the remuneration structure can be best understood by following the pictorial representation given below2. Source:2 Companies Act 2006 provides a detailed understanding of the appointment and removal of directors. The Act states that initial appointment of the directors are done by ‘subscribers’ to the memorandum’. Furthermore, the Act also states that ‘article of association’ determines the appointment of directors. In accordance with article 17 of the new model, it states that directors are selected by the members of the annual general meeting and by the Board of Directors. The appointment regulations state that a person must be willing to act as a director. Whereas, s167 (2b) CA 2006 states that â€Å"consent by that person, to act in that capacity† must be informed to the companies house3. According to a report presented by Ernst & Young, the changing landscape pertaining to directorsâ€⠄¢ remuneration has been revealed. The observations reveal that the United Kingdom’s recovery pertaining to the global recession is slower. This is resulting in a decrease in consumer spending and business confidence. The latest trends related to the shareholders’ voting rights with regard to the new remuneration structure has highlighted that companies have been compelled to make transparent communication regarding directors’ remuneration4. Correspondingly, director’s remuneration has accelerated at an alarming rate. In nations such as the UK, all the companies that are listed are required to comply with company law, as directed in the Companies Act, 1985. Subsequently, in 2002, certain reforms had been made to the set out Companies Act 1985 with regard to the enhancement of accountability and transparency for the companies that are listed. In terms of a crucial directive, under the requirement of company law, listed organisations will be necessitated to publish a report relating to directors’ remuneration within annual reporting cycle. Despite such reforms the company law has remained noticeably ineffective to establish specific

Prospective Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prospective Analysis - Assignment Example The random walk model outlines that the stock price or earnings change have same distributions and are independent of each other thus past movements of stock price or earnings cannot be used to predict the future stock price movement. I disagree with John’s forecast strategy since the assumption of unchanging mean and variance is debatable. b. A merger or acquisition is will increase the future net income due to higher sales growth and more revenue generation from the acquisition. The merger or acquisition will reduce competition thus enhance the future net income. The best model that describes a better pattern of the earnings per share is the mean-reversion model since competition in the market will drive abnormal levels of profits to mean while reinvestment of the earnings will likely earn more levels of earnings. According to many analysts, the Earnings Factory is a ‘darling’ of the ASX. Its current market price $ 15 per share and its book value is $ 5 per share. Analysts forecast that the organisation’s book value will grow by 10 per cent per year indefinitely and the cost of equity is 15 per cent. The market’s expectation of the organisation’s long-term average ROE is calculated as follows; Companies with a high ROE can have a low PE ratio when the investors expect the firm will continue generate positive abnormal ROEs. The PE ratio is the market price per share divided by the earnings per

Israeli and Arab conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Israeli and Arab conflict - Essay Example It starts with the Biblical story of Abraham who moved from the land of Ur in present-day Iraq/Iran to the land of Canaan as it was then called. According to Biblical traditions, Abraham was promised the whole land adjacent to the Red Sea and within the west of the Jordan river. However, there were some native Canaanites on the land. Abraham's grandson, Jacob (Israel) moved to Egypt with his children and grandchildren. They lived in Egypt for a few hundreds of years and became a great and populous nation. They then returned to the land of Canaan a few generations after Abraham. The descendants of Abraham became known as the Israelite community. They lived side-by-side with the natives of the land of Canaan. This include the Philistines, the Jebusites, the Hittites and many other native tribes. After a few centuries, the Israelite community became more numerous in the land and with the rise of David as king and leader of the community, it was transformed to a state and its capital was established in Jerusalem. The State of Israel was however divided into two: Judah in the South and the Northern Kingdom. The northern Kingdom was destroyed and the people were sold into nations around the world. The people from Judah however remained a united state around the capital Jerusalem. Eventually, the Roman defeated Judah in AD63 and the remnants of Judah were sold as slave in the Diaspora (Safrai 1). In the Diaspora, the people of Judah continued to maintain their traditional practices and maintained their identity. They became known as the Jews. Meanwhile, the Romans renamed the State of Israel Palaestina which became known as Palestine (Safrai 1). As the Roman power faded, the land of Palestine was inhabited by people from other Middle Eastern origins and this include the Canaanites, Philistines and others who lived in the land before Abraham moved onto it. After the Romans, the land came under the control of the founder of Islam and his successors. As a result of that, they converted to Islam and assimilated to the main sphere of Arab communities. However, the land of Canaan/Israel became known as the Holy Lands and it changed hands for generations before the Crusaders contested over the land for generations. Eventually, it became part of the Ottoman Empire in the 1500s and it remained under Ottoman rule until 1918. British Rule & Palestine The Ottomans were Muslims, however, they never considered themselves Arabs (Willner et al 487). There was therefore a clear distinction between Ottomans or Turkish Muslims and Arabs of the Middle East and North America. During the era of the Ottoman domination of the Middle East and North America, the Arabs were ruled by Ottoman governors. Hence, the British defeat of the Ottoman Empire came with a promise of liberating the Arabs after the war (Willner et al 489). Britain used a complicated system of forming alliances and diplomatic ties with different peoples around the world during the First World War period which was fought between 1913 and 1917. The defeat of the Ottoman Empire was part of the â€Å"Asian Theater† of a larger war that was fought in Europe and other parts of the world. Britain had used the help of the Americans, Monarchical Russia and many others to defeat the Germans in the European War. They had also promised the Jewish Group seeking a homeland for the Jewish people known as the Zionists in Europe and around the world that they will help

Online Shop Web Design

Online Shop Web Design Shop Online Web Application system, allows the customer to shop online for their required items, and also represents an associated window for the orders selected by the customer. Each Customer will be having their desired page when they login or signup into the Shop Online Web Application. The Customer can select the required items into the cart without logging into their account. But the purchase of the items in the cart has to be done using their registered account in the System using either credit or debit card, they can also cancel the payment or return the items purchased only after a detailed specification of the reason for it. The Logged In customers will be having a wish-list function so that they can put the items they wanted to buy in the wish-list and can buy later. There is one more function price checker, which intimates the customer regarding the item selected by them whenever there is a cut-off in the price of that item, but only for a few selected items. There is also a desired page for the history of items bought by the customers.   The customer can maintain their account and address details. The customer also can reset their password if forgotten by getting a link to reset password to their concerned web mail. Requirements for the system are we will be using Ruby On Rails for the development, and for the web design HTML, Javascript and CSS. The Backend is managed by MySQL. The Database for the System consists of shop online development database which consist of tables for categories, products, product images, users. The Columns for the categories are id, title, weight, products_counter, created_at, updated_at, ancestry. The Columns for products are id, category_id, titile, status, amount, uuid, msrp, price, description, created_at, updated_at, lprice. The Columns for the product images are id, product_id, weight, image_file_name, image_content_type, image_file_sizee, image_updated_at, created_at, updated_at. The Columns for the users are id, email, crypted_password, created_at, updated_at,activation_state, activation_token, activation_token_expires_at, remember_me_token, remember_me_token_expires_at, reset_password_token, reset_password_token_expires_at, reset_password_email_sent_at. Entity Relationship Diagram: FIG. 1 (Relationship between the tables) In ruby on rails the web application code is divided into model, view, controller. Model represents the database access, View represents the html pages before and after access of the database, and controller represents the action to be done once the we get a request from the Web Application. Model Code: (Category) class Category < ApplicationRecord    validates :title, presence: { message: Empty name! }    validates :title, uniqueness: { message: Repeated name! }    has_ancestry orphan_strategy: :destroy    has_many :products, dependent: :destroy    before_validation :correct_ancestry    def self.grouped_data   Ã‚  Ã‚   self.roots.order(weight desc).inject([]) do |result, parent|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   row = []   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   row { where(status: Status::On) }    module Status   Ã‚  Ã‚   On = on   Ã‚  Ã‚   Off = off    end    private    def set_default_attrs   Ã‚  Ã‚   self.uuid = RandomCode.generate_product_uuid    end end (product image): class ProductImage < ApplicationRecord    belongs_to :product    has_attached_file :image, styles: {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   small: 60^x60,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   middle: 200^x200,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   big: 960x    }    validates_attachment_content_type :image, content_type: /Aimage/.*Z/    validates_attachment_size :image, in: 0..5.megabytes end (User): class User < ApplicationRecord    authenticates_with_sorcery!    attr_accessor :password, :password_confirmation    validates_presence_of :email, message: Email cannot be empty!    validates_format_of :email,message: Email format mistake!,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   with: /w+([-+.]w+)*@w+([-.]w+)*.w+([-.]w+)*/,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   if: proc { |user| !user.email.blank? }    validates :email, uniqueness: true    validates_presence_of :password, message: Password cannot be empty!,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   if: :need_validate_password    validates_presence_of :password_confirmation, message: Password confirm cannot be empty!,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   if: :need_validate_password    validates_confirmation_of :password,message: Password not right ,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   if: :need_validate_password    validates_length_of :password, message: Password at least 6 digits, minimum: 6,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   if: :need_validate_password    def username   Ã‚  Ã‚   self.email.split(@).first    end    private    def need_validate_password   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   self.new_record? || (!self.password.nil?||!self.password_confirmation.nil?)    end end Controller Code: (Category) class CategoriesController < ApplicationController    def show   Ã‚  Ã‚   @categories = Category.grouped_data   Ã‚  Ã‚   @category = Category.find(params[:id])   Ã‚  Ã‚   @products = @category.products.onshelf.page(params[:page] || 1).per_page(params[:per_page] || 12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .order(id desc).includes(:main_product_image)    end end (Product): class ProductsController < ApplicationController    def show   Ã‚  Ã‚   @categories = Category.grouped_data   Ã‚  Ã‚   @product = Product.find(params[:id])    end end (Session): class SessionsController < ApplicationController    def new    end    def create   Ã‚  Ã‚   if user= login(params[:email],params[:password])#loginsorcery   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   flash[:notice]=You have logged in!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   redirect_to root_path   Ã‚  Ã‚   else   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   flash[:notice]=Emails or Password mistake   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   redirect_to new_session_path   Ã‚  Ã‚   end    end    def destroy   Ã‚  Ã‚   logout   Ã‚  Ã‚   flash[:notice]=You already logged out!   Ã‚  Ã‚   redirect_to root_path    end end (User): class UsersController < ApplicationController    def new   Ã‚  Ã‚   @user = User.new    end    def create   Ã‚  Ã‚   @user= User.new(params.require(:user).permit(:email,:password,:password_confirmation))   Ã‚  Ã‚   if @user.save   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   flash[:notice] = sign up successfully! Please log in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   redirect_to new_session_path   Ã‚  Ã‚   else   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   render action: :new   Ã‚  Ã‚   end    end end (Welcome): class WelcomeController < ApplicationController    def index   Ã‚  Ã‚   @categories = Category.grouped_data   Ã‚  Ã‚   @products = Product.onshelf.page(params[:page] || 1).per_page(params[:per_page] || 12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .order(id desc).includes(:main_product_image)    end end

Essay --

Andrea Beverly Professor McClendon ENGL 1301.A002 17 March 2014 Cause and Effect of Human Trafficking: Sexual Exploitation Cause and Effect Essay On the news and all over the world you hear the term human trafficking. What exactly is human trafficking? â€Å"Human trafficking is essentially modern-day slave trading, which ensnares millions of people in debt bondage or forced conditions.† (Siddharth).As many know today human trafficking has become a phenomenon all over the country. Human Trafficking is a global activity where women and young girls are being traded and used as sexual exploitation. As Siddharth stated that human trafficking is slowly becoming one of the most involved criminal activities all over the world. Two causes and two effects on how strongly our human beings are encouraged to take action. One cause of human trafficking is vulnerability of grieved criminals.(cite). Most grieving criminals are vulnerable, because of their living conditions. When they see how easy it is to be a trafficker makes this issue much more horrifying for women and young girls to be manipulated...

Catherine II was Russia’s first ruler, who was considered as enlightened

Catherine II was Russia's first ruler, who was considered as enlightened. As a child growing up in Germany, she was given an enlightened education. She enthusiastically read ‘enlightened' literature, and soon became a disciple of the enlightenment. As Empress she continued to read the works of Locke, Montesquieu, and Voltaire. Although it is widely accepted that Catherine II was an enlightened despot, it has also been argued that she did nothing more than allow the continuation of policies that had began in the reign of Peter I; â€Å"Although she claimed to be an enlightened despot, Catherine II did no more than continue the policies of her predecessors. † Another argument as to why Catherine didn't carry out more enlightened reforms was due to her not wanting to make these enlightened reforms; the policies that Catherine II adopted were not adopted because of her beliefs, and/or her desire to create an ‘enlightened society', but were instead taken out to maintain her power, and to satisfy her vanity. Historians like Harris claim that Catherine only appeared to be enlightened to enhance her reputation with the philosophes. This view is also taken by R. Charques, who states that the â€Å"enlightenment in Catherine was not much deeper than her vanity; despotism on the other hand was implicit in her ambition. â€Å"1 There has also been the case that Catherine had recognised the danger of going too far and/or too fast. She had experience the downfall of her husband for doing just that. As H. Nickelson puts it â€Å"No despot was ever more subtly aware that politics is the art of the possible and that everything can be lost if a states mangoes too far, or too fast† Another valid argument is that Catherine became more conservative, and less willing to change the laws of Russia, on the lines of the enlightenment, as she got older, and had come to realise the scale of problems which faced Russia. The enthusiasm with which she began her reign soon faded as the reality of Russian backwardness and it's intolerance to change sank in. Harris sums up this point: â€Å"she coarsened with the exercise of power, her early idealism was abandoned as she learnt to understand the complexities of the Russian situation, and thus her enlightenment was only skin deep† A Key limitation to her ‘enlightening' Russia was the role that the nobility played in supporting and maintaining her power. Although the aristocracy were glad to be rid of the ‘insane' Peter III, Catherine had no claim to the throne. Many in Russia believed that she should only be regent for her son Paul, or that the ex Tsar Ivan IV should be re appointed. However with the support of the nobility Catherine could retain power for herself. But without the support of the nobility there was always the danger of the army who had so easily placed her on the throne could just as easily displace her. With all these limitations on her power Oppenheim asks: â€Å"would she attempt to put into practice some of her modern ideas about which she had read, or would she continue to govern Russia in the traditional mannor. â€Å"4 Since the death of Peter I, the nobles had slowly begun to increase their powers. Their compulsory state service, which Peter I had set up, was firstly cut to twenty-five years in the reign of Anna, and later in the reign of Peter III it was completely abolished, for that of hereditary peers, thus securing the role of the nobility in Russian society. Immediately after the death of Peter I there was an attempt by some nobles to restrict the power of the crown, via a supreme secret council. Cowie claims, † It consisted of six members drawn from the old and the new nobility. It's powers included complete control of legislation, but it aroused such opposition from the nobility that these had to be restricted. â€Å"5 It is clear to see that the nobility then were powerful enough to attempt to limit the autocracy, which Peter I had established. However their own class opposed them, which left the councils power restricted. The supreme council tried some years later to limit the power of the monarchy. Upon the nomination of Anna as Empress, she was presented with a document that she had to sign in order to be crowned. This document would have allowed the nobles to have a share in how the state was run. â€Å"This would have been to turn her into a constitutional monarch. â€Å"6 Cowie also agrees with this statement; â€Å"If put into practice these proposals would have replaced Russian autocracy by an oligarchy. â€Å"7 However the document didn't carry the mass support of the nobility. Again the nobility, which had the power to initiate a constitution, also had the power to stop its implementation. The ‘constitutional rights' they requested in 1730 were more restrictive on the crown than those they had asked for in 1725, which supports the idea that the nobles had increasingly gained power after the death of Peter I. In 1730 the Privy Council itself went against the wish of Empress Catherine I (who had nominated her daughter Elizabeth if Peter II should die) and instead choose and crowned Anna Duchess of Courland. Not only was central government under more influence from the nobility, but local government too was rapidly falling back into the hands of the nobility. During the reign of Peter II the nobles who ruled on behalf of the boy- tsar, began to take back some powers in local government which Peter I had taken away. As Harris Puts it † if Peter II had lived long, all of the work Peter the great had done would have been undone. â€Å"8 Cowie also argues this point; â€Å"the reign of this boy czar was a triumph for the conservative nobility. † After the death of the Empress Elizabeth in 1762, Peter III became Tsar, and Catherine became his Tsarina. During his short reign Peter managed to alienate the Russian nobility in particular the guards and the army. He even antagonised the church and the senate. Dukes claims, â€Å"the guards could still make an empress or break an emperor. â€Å"10 He goes on to say that Catherine had the support of these valuable guards and could control them through Orlov, her lover at the time, and that she used this power to overthrow her husband Peter III. Madarianga agrees with Duke's statement, she claims that â€Å"Catherine's many friends in the army joined in a plot to dethrone Peter III, and seized power with her full approval and participation†11 During the coup of 1762 the support of the nobility ensured the quick and efficient disposition of Peter III, which according to Oppenheim was virtually bloodless, and an easy victory for Catherine, in which the crown was practically offered to Catherine. Oppenheim the claims that the experiences of a poor ruler like Peter III meant that â€Å"Catherine could only expect to retain as long as she able to demonstrate that she was an effective ruler. This argument has also been supported by Lentin; â€Å"as such she remained permanently dependant on the good will of the nobility who could dethrone her as easily as they had raised her up. â€Å"13 I too agree with both Lentin and Oppenheim, as Catherine's first priority was to safeguard her own position, because those who had enthroned her could just as easily dispose of her. Harris on the other hand claims that Catherine could rely on the devotion of those who had gotten her in to power, and also on the fact that Russia was accustomed to an autocracy, and therefore would not have had to worry about appeasing the nobility. I disagree with this claim, although Catherine could rely on the devotion of the conspirators she still had to maintain the support of the rest of the nobility. As Lentin writes â€Å"It was after all, for antagonising the nobility that her husband and her son each met his death. â€Å"14 Catherine had watched the downfall of Peter III, and wasn't going to make his mistakes. On coming to power Catherine had inherited a nation whose workforce was predominantly conscripted. The serfs worked for the nobles, and although in theory Catherine was against serfdom, she knew few nobles would support her in any move to free the serfs. Oppenheim claims that Catherine knew that â€Å"abolishing or even reducing serfdom would entail enormous social upheaval and violent protests from the nobles; and that she lacked the administrative machinery and armed forces to enforce such a reform against their wishes. â€Å"15 Princess Dashkora also tells of the noble's unwillingness to emancipate the serfs she wrote, â€Å"a noble would have to be out of his mind to voluntarily surrender the source of his own prosperity. Madarianga disagrees with Oppenheim she says that Catherine is criticised â€Å"for giving away thousands of free peasants to her favourites and public savants, thus enserfing them†. This view is also taken by Harris who claims that the Russian occupation of the Ukraine â€Å"brought with it the oppressions of state power, taxation, forced labour and serfdom†17 Lentin takes neither views he instead takes the view that the circumstances prevented Catherine from helping the serfs not the nobles; â€Å"The gulf between noble and serf was had grown too wide for Catherine to bridge it. Faced with such an impasse she could do nothing. â€Å"18 I agree with both Harris and Madarianga because Catherine introduced serfdom to parts of her empire where it did not exist, where the nobles would not have pushed for it. On her own estates and lands the condition of the serf also worsened. By the end of her reign over a million people were enserfed by Catherine. Catherine was brought closer to the nobility in 1773-75, during the Pugachev revolt. Lentin states that the revolt made the â€Å"autocracy and the nobility wield together in a common self defence. â€Å"20 Harris also suggests that the Pugachev revolt aligned Catherine with the nobility; â€Å"her autocracy had been shown to rest squarely upon the support of the nobility. Stephen Lee has commented that the Pugachev revolt was an important stage in her reign, which made her see the extent of Russia's problems. This is said to have forced her to abandon radical social reform, and instead maintain the existing social structure. Oppenheim has also claimed that the Pugachev revolt made Catherine more dependent on the nobility â€Å"the revolt undoubtedly increased social division and made both Catherine and the nobles aware of their dependence on each other. â€Å"21 The Pugachev revolt prompted Catherine to declare that she was â€Å"an aristocrat, it is my duty, and my profession. † The Pugachev revolt showed Catherine that she needed the nobility to maintain peace, stability, law and order. Thus at this point much of her enlightened were abandoned in order to appease the nobility and to reward them. The Pugachev revolt showed the need for a more efficient local government, as Pugachev's early successes were due to poor local administration. Catherine changed Peter I' system of government, which brought the nobility under the central government, to a system which enlisted the co-operation of the nobility in the running of local government. This gave the nobles the authority to govern the provinces in co-operation with central government. Harris sums up this point â€Å"Central government was recruiting from the nobility; they appointed the nobility to be governors and councillors, and the latter ruled the provinces in co-operation with the local nobility. â€Å"22 Oppenheim argues that Catherine had not given away any significant power away in the reforms of 1775 â€Å"since it was still the governor appointed by her who made all the noteworthy decisions at a local level. â€Å"23 Treasure sums up Oppenhiem's point â€Å"skilfully Catherine presented the with the semblance of government†¦. She preserved the real power for those she chose the governors. † I agree with Treasure that Catherine retained the real power herself, while appearing to appease/ give in to the nobles. The reforms of 1775 bound the nobles to the crown closer than ever before. The reforms of 1775 led directly to the charter of the nobility 1785. â€Å"Her recognition of the shared interests of Tsar and the nobles was made explicit in the charter of the nobility. â€Å"24 The charter established the social pre-eminence of the nobility, and recognised them as a privileged caste with defined rights. Harris claims that â€Å"by recognising the privileges of the nobility, her own autocracy was left unchallenged, and with the support of the nobility she made Russia the dominant state in Eastern Europe†25 Oppenheim takes the viewpoint that â€Å"to her the charter meant that there was a firm legal basis for the social structure in Russia, instead of the archaic social system of Peter the great. For a ruler intent on giving Russia an enlightened and rational system of government this was a necessity. â€Å"26 Alexander claims that the charter didn't increase the power of the nobility it merely confirmed in law the power they already had. I agree with Harris that the charter had aligned Catherine with the nobility. Any threats of a coup by the noble receded. The nobles had received what they wanted, secured privileges and status. Catherine had ensured that she retained all significant power. As Oppenheim puts it â€Å"The nobles now worked as willing junior partners of state, instead of unwilling servants of Peter I. Catherine II's achievements in her reign were coniderable. However she is often critised for being insincere e. g for not bring about the sweeping reforms that she had advocated at the start of her riegn. Many of her critics question just how genuine Catherine really was. Many historians now believe that Catherine wasn't a true disciple of the enlightenment, but instead used the principles of the enlightenment to advance her own popularity, and to satify her own vanity. Lentin supports the idea that Catherine wasn't a genuine enlightened despot. He goes as far to say that Catherine was a hypocrite, who used â€Å"enlightened slogans as amask to conceal unenlightened policies†27 Harris supports the notion that Catherine was not truly an enlightened despot, but was instead concerned with her reputation with the philosophes and Western Europe. He tells us that Catherine was at great pains to show herself as an apt pupil of the disciples. Oppenhiem also agrees with Harris that her policies contradicted many of her writings. The Nakaz in particular was hypocritical, designed purely to impress the western philosophes. This helps to explain why very few of her ideals which shehad once read about were ever put in to practice. In some cases Catherine actually did the opposite to what the enlightenment proposed. Catherine made Russian society even more unfair. She cemented the privileges of the Russian nobility in law. As Shennen puts it â€Å"The liberties of the nobles constituted the liberties of a state or class and had significance precisely because other segments of the population, notably serfs, did not share them†28 On the other hand Blackwood suggests that Catherine was a genuine reformer, however the problems that faced Russia prevented her ideas from becoming a reality. James White supports Blackwoods claim, and he writes â€Å"altogether it is fair to describe Catherine as almost certainly enlightened in her wishes. 29 Andrews sums up both Blackwood and white's argument; â€Å"Catherine was evidently influenced by the ideas of the philosophes but the size of Russia, the political power of the nobles and her own programme of conquest all prevented their being put into practice. † I personally agree with the argument that Catherine was genuinely ‘enlightened', and that the reason why she couldn't incorporate enlightened reform into Russian law was the complexities of the Russian situation. Catherine herself put this predicament well, when she wrote to Diderot; â€Å"With all your great principles which I understand very well, one would make fine books but very bad business. You forget in all your plans of reform the diference in our positions; you only work on paper which endures all things, but I poor Empress, work on the human skin which is irritable and ticklish to a very different degree. † â€Å"The most important reason why Catherine II could not achieve her enlightened ambitions was her dependence on the nobility. † To what extent do you agree with this view?

Biogenetics essays

Biogenetics essays An article published on April 25, 1953 in the science journal Nature written by scientists James Watson and Francis Crick, modestly suggested a model for the structure and replication of the DNA (refer to picture 1), the face of science changed forever (Aldridge, 8). The evolution of technology has reached a point where it is capable of creating and modifying the DNA using Biogenetics Engineering. Although Biogenetics Engineering is becoming a more well known subject to the general public, there are definitely issues and uncertainties to be resolved. There are doubts about how safe Biogenetics Engineering is, and also how difficult it will be to control it. Furthermore, for the first time in the history of mankind, humans passed from the status of being created, to the status of being creators. In my opinion, Biogenetics is risky; however, it is already here and now the best solution is to try to control it. Biogenetics Engineering first took shape as experimentation into finding cures for diseases and the production of antibiotics. The process involves the ability to reproduce and modify the DNA. In one common method used, the desired molecules of DNA are removed from the donor organism and implanted into the genetic material, so it can react and reproduce in the new genetic organism. In my point of view, this process does no damage to the environment. On the other hand, there is a certain stage where the process has to be tested on animals, or even humans. In some cases, the process can cause serious damage to the organism, maybe even leading to death. The main point is not the process, which Biogenetics Engineering has made, but mostly, the outcome of this process. An article from the Pure Food Campaign stated that Biogenetics Engineers will be creating thousands of new organisms over the next few years, and the result can seriously harm the biological environment. The article impl ies that the prospect is frightening regarding...

Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl Essay Example

Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl Essay Example Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl Paper Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl Paper Essay Topic: Literature The question I have selected for my essay is number one and I will be discussing the presentation of gender and power explored in the short story, Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl. Also in my essay I will be explaining the roles played by the two main characters in the story Mary and Patrick Maloney. Mary Maloney is the main character in the story Lamb to the Slaughter. She is represented as a stereotypical housewife who adores her husband, Patrick Maloney, and is willing to go to any length to please him. At the start of the text Mary seems to be a eak woman and the weaker person in her marriage. She lets her husband push her around and she doesnt even realise hes doing it, because she only ever wants to make happy. Patrick Maloney is the husband of Mary Maloney and the dominant one in their relationship. In the text he is represented as a stereotypical ungrateful, grumpy husband. Also in the text the Maloneys would be classified as an upper class family but even though this is so, Patrick Maloney still works full time as a Senior Policeman. Another thing we notice about Mr. Maloney is he fact he seems quite bored of the fact he is waited on hand and foot by his wife. Power plays a major part in the story Lamb to the Slaughter. And in this story the power seems to reverse from one character to the other, as it starts of with all the power in the hands of Patrick Maloney. Him being the Senior Police officer at work tells us that he must hold quite a lot of power of his work mates below him. But obviously the person he holds the most power over in the text is his wife, Mary Maloney; his hard working housewife who we find out is 6 months pregnant. She is constantly fussing over Patrick wether it is cooking his dinner or getting his slippers. Another thing we notice is that Mr. Maloney is always the person who makes the decisions in their relationship. Wether it has very little or very much importance. For example what they were both going to have for dinner, it was always whatever Mr. Maloney felt like. However all of this power is reversed in the text when Mary comes back from getting the leg of lamb for her and her husbands dinner. She spots Patrick standing in the corner of the oom and he says, For gods sake! Dont make supper for me, Im going out. And that seems to set her off so she walks over and shows physical power as she hits her husband hard over the head with the leg of lamb, and the second he is dead a whole new power is left with her, it is the power Mr. Maloney had once held over her. Mary also seems to have power over the policeman, detectives and doctors who came to investigate the death of Mr. Maloney. They seem very sympathetic towards her and believe every word Mrs. Maloney says about the death of her usband. After studying this short story it would be fair to say that Mr/Mrs Maloney do not have stereotypical or specific gender and power roles as they seem change their characters during the text. Mr. Maloney is explained by Mary at the start of the story as a loving husband and turned out to be ungrateful and unloving. And Mrs. Maloney starts off being a shy, warm, quite woman and ends up slaughtering her husband with a leg of lamb. To conclude my essay however, at different times in the text both characters hold more power then the other.

Week 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 1 - Assignment Example The various financial markets and how these have changed over the years since 2007/2008 are thus discussed. An assessment of how the changes have taken place is also presented. The financial market has been noted to be a place where the trading of financial securities and commodities take place among people and entities at prices that reflect demand and supply (Naude and Rossouw, 2010). This means that there are two clear components of the financial market, which are commodities and securities. In my country, both commodities and securities are emphasised, which means that the country operates a market economy. With the general financial market within my country, there are two broad forms of markets, which are the capital market and money market. As noted by Bodie, Kane and Marcus (2011), the capital market is used for long term financial investment whiles the money market is used for short term financial investment. All in all, there are six main financial markets, even though there are other minor financial markets, which are not considered in mainstream discussion. The six main financial markets are stock markets, bond markets, commodity markets, money markets, insurance market, and foreign exchange market. Some of the shadow financial markets are derivatives market and future markets. Since the end of the recession in 2008, the major changes that have taken place in the financial market in my country have largely taken the form of the type of financial market that is patronised by the majority of people. On the whole, the changes can be seen among three players within the financial market, which are government, industry and individuals. On the part of government, there has been a change that looks towards to patronage of more long term finance such as bond and stock. Government has since 2008 increased its capital market investment in the areas of bond and stock so as to ensure that it is protected against future meltdowns

Cyberharassment Laws Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cyberharassment Laws - Thesis Example the most imperative issues with the manner these laws have been implemented is the fact that each state has a certain level of uniqueness in relation to the manner these laws have been implemented or applied for instance: In the United States, the penal code in relation to cyber-harassment in Alabama is quite different with cyber-harassment penal code in Alaska. This simply means that these laws differ on their efficacy as well as challenges (Sternberg, 2014). Apart from the United States, other countries that have also implemented cyber-harassment laws, identifying it as a criminal offense is the Republic of Philippines, Canada as well as Australia. It is quite an important issue to investigate in the contemporary society with a purpose of eliminating possible flaws that may be associated with these laws, taking into consideration that communication technologies are replacing traditional modes of communication at an increasing rate (Sternberg, 2014). The concept of cyber-harassment has been described has an act of repeated electronic contacts, driven by the purposes of creating distress on the targeted recipient (Easttom & Taylor, 2011). However, in order to clarify such acts as harassments, most law-makers claim that a reasonable person, possessing similar information, must consider it sufficient to create distress on their targeted recipients. There are certain considerations that have been given a high sense of priority in relation to cyber-harassment. To begin with, targeted victims of cyber-harassment may not even be in a position to determine that they are being subjected under harassment. Additionally, cyber-harassment is usually accomplished through the use of communication technology, mostly through social-communication technologies; this may be undertaken by a group of individuals or in some cases just an individual (Easttom & Taylor, 2011). Sociologists have claimed that actions considered cyber-harassment are inclusi ve of; destruction of data,